Edward Said (1978) identified the tendency to stereotype citizens from the Arab world. The Middle East is often seen as the eternal and unchanging East with the sexually insatiable Arab, the Feminine exotic, the teeming marketplace, mystical religiosity, corrupt despotism, and so on. China is also similarly stereotyped as being exotic and eternal, underdeveloped and backward, the paradoxically juxtaposed old and new, the crowded, dirty and poverty-stricken life, the smiling or inscrutiable exterior hiding either bad intentions or misery, the passive Oriental and the despotic leader, the dullness of life under socialism, the uncaring nature of the Communist government, and so on.
Intercultural Communication (Holliday, Hyde & Kullman) Routledge, 2010.
Islam Through Western Eyes - The Nation, 1980.
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